------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title: France : The Dark Years : 1940 - 1944 Author: Jackson, Julian Publisher: Oxford University Press : Oxford, England, UK, EU Publication Year: 2001 Copyright: 2001, Julian Jackson Physical Description: 660 pgs. with maps, appendix, bibliographic essay, index Document type: Book, hardcover Language: English ISBN: 0-19-820706-9 Keywords: german, nazi, occupied france, vichy regime, french history, defeat, collaboration, resistance, liberation Holding Library: Vancouver Public Library, Main Dewey: HIS 944.0816 J13f "F楽, Bernard" index listings: 190, 211 190 (Chapter 9 : Collaborationism : Fanatics, Criminals, and Adventurers) Fanaticism was present in the case of the historian Bernard F楽, a professor at the Coll使e de France who was made director of the Biblioth子ue Nationale, in place of Julien Cain, sacked because he was a Jew. F楽, who ran a supposedly scholarly publication called _Documents Ma腔nniques_, was obsessed by Freemasonry; he even suspected Freemasons among the episcopate. [2 - Rist, _Un saison g液仔_, 433-4.]. 211 Sartre was not alone in noting that collaborationism was supported by a surprising number of homosexual intellectuals. Apart from Jouhandeau, Montherlant, Bernard F楽, and possibly also Brasillach (although his sexuality remains unclear), one could mention Roger Peyrefitte who wrote to his friend Montherlant that the ﾔGermanic ideal is closer to that of antiquity, and thus our ownﾕ than Franceﾕs ﾔcivilization of shopgirlsﾕ. [78 - Burrin, __La France lﾕheure_, 349] "Freemasons" index listings: 45, 150-1, 158-9, 190, 191, 198-9, 200, 213, 214, 216, 231, 261, 267, 321, 414, 619 214 The persecution of Freemasons was relaxed. [after Pierre Laval regained power in April 1942 as 'head of government', effectively relegating P師ain to a titular role.] 216 Since all new German policies required cooperation from the French police, a key role on the French side was played by Ren Bousquet, Secretary-General in charge of the police. Today Bousquet is largely remembered for his role in deporting Jews from France. In the Third Republic, however, he had been the rising star of the prefectoral corps, and a proteg of the Radical politician Albert Sarraut. He became a national celebrity in 1930 when, at the age of 21, he saved many people from drowning during floods in the Tarn _d姿artment_ where he was working in the prefecture. One observer of the Vichy scene noted of Bousquet: ﾔHe had the misfortune to become a hero at the age of 20, and that sent him off the railsﾕ. [9 - Limage quoted in Baruch, _Servir lﾕフat_, 388] In 1931 Bousquet served in the _cabinet_ of Pierre Cathala, in Lavalﾕs first government. Although it was Vichy which, in September 1940, named Bousquet as the youngest prefect in France, he showed no signs of repudiating his previous affinities. A bust of Marianne remained in his office, and he tried to protect Freemasons from persecution. Bousquetﾕs willingness to serve the new regime was helped by its commitment to order and anti-communism, but otherwise he was not ideological. Committing his crimes as a zealous administrator not a fanatic, he was the perfect servant of Lavalﾕs authoritarian Republic [10 - P. Froment, _ Ren Bousquet_ (1994); J.-P. Husson, _ ﾔItin屍aire dﾕun haut fonctionnaire: Ren Bousquetﾕ, in _VEF_, 287-301. 321 [discussing documentary shorts which often accompanied feature films during the Occupation] There were also overt propaganda productions ranging from celebration of the Empire to diatribes like _Les Corrupteurs_ or the anti-Masonic _Les Forces Occultes_. These last two were produced by Nova Films, a German-backed production company. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title: Bad Faith : A forgotten history of family, Fatherland and Vichy France Author: Callil, Carmen Publisher: Alfred A. Knopf / Random House, Inc. : New York, New York, USA Publication Year: 2006 Copyright: 2006, Carmen Callil Physical Description: 607 pgs. with maps, b&w images, notes, bibliographic references, sources & index Language: English ISBN: 0-375-41131-3 Keywords: Darquier de Pellepoix, Louis, 1897-1980 Holding Library: Vancouver Public Library, Main Dewey: HIS 944.081 D22c "Faﾘ, Bernard" index listings: 204-205 204-205 Typical of the pre-war anti-Semites was Henry Coston, who like all the old warriors of _The Protocols of the Elders of Sion_, glowered at the new arrivals invading his territory. With so much on offer, former colleagues became rivals. Coston wanted to start up his paper, _Libre parole_, again but he had joined Jacques Doriotﾕs fascist Parti Populaire Fran溝is in 1940, and Abetz and Laval were suspicious of anyone connected with Doriot. So Costonﾕs energies turned towards ﾒthe Jewsﾕ auxiliaries,ﾓ Freemasons. Vichy set him up in the former premises of the Grand Lodge, with a Centre dﾕ Action et de Documentation (CAD) (Action and Documentation Centre) under the murderous Bernard Faﾘ, the great friend and protector of Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, both of whom did so much to help him escape retribution after the war. 522n26 Bernard Faﾘ (1895-1978): Professor of American Civilization, Coll使e de France; director, Biliotheque Nationale, from 1941. He ran Vichyﾕs Commission Judeo-Ma腔nnique. Faﾘ was linked to the Gestapo; listed among his crimes at his trial after the war was the creation of 170,000 files on Freemasons, of which sixty thousand were investigated. He was arrested by French partisans in August 1944, and sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labour. Faﾘ was aided by Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, who helped to finance his escape to Switzerland in October 1951. Pardoned in 1953. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title: Vichy France and the Resistance : Culture and Ideology Editor: Kedward, Roderick / Austin, Roger Publisher: Barnes & Noble Books : Totowa, New Jersey USA Publication Year: 1985 Copyright: 1985, Roderick Kedward and Roger Austin Document type : Hard Cover Physical Description: 293 pgs. with contributor biographies, chronology & index Language: English ISBN: 0-389-20576-1 Keywords: world war, 1939-1945, france, addresses, essays, lectures, underground movements, france, intellectual life, 20th century, german, nazi occupation, kedward, h. r. (harry roderick) Holding Library: Vancouver Public Library, Main Dewey: HIS 944.0816 V63k 134-135 At the same time prominent Catholic laymen were drawn into the political and administrative machine. Two ardent believers, [Raphael] Alibert and [Jacques] Chevalier achieved ministerial rank, and measures not displeasing to the higher clergy followed quickly. As Minister of Justice, Alibert, a recent convert, instituted a review of all naturalisations since 1927, which made stateless some 15,000 people, including 6,000 Jews. In October [1940] he promulgated the first Statut des Juifs, which excluded Jews from certain civil service posts and presaged action against those in the liberal professions. The very broad categorisation of a Jew -- later to include anyone with at least two Jewish grandparents -- swept many into the net. There is no evidence that this legislation was introduced at German instigation. Those Catholics who rationalised their anti-Semitism by ﾔthe guilt for the death of Christ argumentﾕ approved the inhumane laws by their silence. Nor did they protest at the other target of [Raphael] Alibert, Freemasonry, where bitterness between the Church and the Lodges was long-standing, and the law of August 1940 abolishing secret organisations was welcomed. A devout Catholic, Bernard Fay [no umlaut in original text], administrator of the Biblioth子ue Nationale, aided by no less Catholic Vallery-Radot, was given the task of rooting out from public life some 15,000 masonic dignitaries. These new tribunes vetted all public appointments and, according to one Resistance organisation that threatened reprisals, the posts declared vacant were reallocated so as to ﾔfavoriser certains catholiques, tra杯res la patrieﾕ. (4) Fay moved in collaborationist circles, a somewhat rare occurance for Catholics in 1940. (4) AN [Archives Nationales] F. 17.13346 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title: Everybody Who Was Anybody : A Biography of Gertrude Stein Author: Hobhouse, Janet Publisher: George Weidenfeld and Nicholson Limited : London, England, UK, EU Publication Year: 1975 Copyright: 1975, Janet Hobhouse Document type : Hard Cover Physical Description: 244 pgs. with notes, bibliography, index & b&w & colour images Language: English ISBN: 0-297-76990-1 Holding Library: Vancouver Public Library, Main Dewey: LIT 828 S819WH6 158 [c1931] _The Making of Americans_was finally translated into French in full by Gertrudeﾕs friend Bernard Faﾘ, Professor of American Studies at the Coll夙e de France and by Baronne Seill俊e, to be published by Library Stock in 1932. 163 When the French edition of _The Autobiography_, translated by Bernard Faﾘ, appeared in 1934, she became an overnight celebrity. 174 Bernard Faﾘ, ... an experienced lecturer in America, ... 185 Bernard Faﾘ, then in New Orleans, wrote to Gertrude at the end of November: ... [1934] 211 Ironically, ﾔliving in the presentﾕ had made her reactionary. Now, along with her Bilignin neighbours, elderly aristocrats like the Baron Pierlot, Fran腔is and Robert dﾕAiguy, and like Bernard Faﾘ, Gertrude Stein became a royalist and a supporter of P師ain. [1939] 226-227 In the days that followed her return to Paris, Gertrude was reunited with friends she had not seen for five years, chief among them Picasso, Francis Rose, and Bernard Faﾘ. Faﾘ was soon to be imprisoned as a collaborator, but there were many who thought he had been instrumental, as head of the Biblioth述ue Nationale, not only in keeping the French treasures intact, and in France, but also in preserving Gertrude Stein and her paintings from what would ordinarily have been their fate under a Nazi regime. That she, Alice and the Picassos _had_ survived was for many a miracle, and one in which they thought they could see Bernard Faﾘﾕs hand. 229 In the last months of her life [1945] ... campaigned for the freedom of Bernard Faﾘ in prison, ... When, on 19 July 1946, on her way to stay at the country house Bernard Faﾘ had lent her, she suffered another attack of stomach pain, she was rushed to the American hospital at Neuilly. ... Gertrude died under anaesthetic at 6.30 that evening. 198 [Photograph:] Opposite Gertrude Stein at Bilignin, with Alice B. Toklas and Bernard Faﾘ; photograph by Cecil Beaton ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Title: Charmed Circle : Gertrude Stein and Company Author: Mellow, James R. Publisher: Praeger Publishers, Inc. : New York, N. Y. USA Publication Year: 1974 Copyright: 1974, James R. Mellow Physical Description: 528 pgs. with notes, bibliography, index & b&w & images Language: English Holding Library: Vancouver Public Library, Main Dewey: 828 S819Wm 445-446 Their [Gertrude Stein & Alice B. Toklas] most important protector during these years [-1942-1943-] was Bernard Faﾘ, who had been appointed director of the Biblioth述ue Nationale by the Vichy government. With his strong connections with Vichy officials -- each month Faﾘ conferred with marshal P師ain in Vichy, and often visited with Gertrude and Alice after these meetings -- Faﾘ was in a position to alert her to any probable dangers. In a lengthy defence of his wartime actions, written long after the war, Faﾘ mentioned his protection of Gertrude and Alice: "I obtained from P師ain that the Pr伺et and the Sous-Pr伺et should help them, watch over them.